河南省猪等孢球虫的分子变异规律研究

[目的]掌握河南省猪等孢球虫的分子变异规律。[方法]从河南省豫东、豫南、豫西、豫北及豫中地区的部分规模化猪场采集粪便样品,进行猪球虫卵囊的分离与纯化;从分离到的8株猪球虫分离株中提取核酸并进行测序,并与猪等孢球虫扩增株基因序列及其他相关原虫基因序列进行比对。[结果]河南省不同地区的8个猪球虫株均为猪等孢球虫,并且没有明显遗传差异。I.suis与其他7种原虫差异较大,不属于同一个生物型,同一种动物所感染的不同种类原虫之间的同源性较低。[结论]该研究结果可为有效预防和控制仔猪球虫病提供科学依据。     

水青树木材红外光谱特征研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)法测定了水青树等6种木材红外光谱。结果表明,通过各自的特征峰和共有峰相对峰强的比较可以区别6种木材。水青树木材的红外光谱各官能团吸收峰的特征表明,其化学组分交错于针阔叶材之间,木质素含量和结构具有一定针叶材的特征。通过红外光谱共有峰率和变异峰率双指标序列法的分析,在系统位置上,水青树与金缕梅科处于更近的位置,而与木兰科更远。红外光谱在木材分类研究和鉴定领域有较好的应用前景,此技术也有望成为木材司法鉴定体系中的有效方法之一。     

‘嘎啦’苹果花药培养种质创新

【目的】单倍体花药离体培养是农作物包括果树育种中种质资源创新的最有效方法之一,苹果是染色体高度杂合且自交不亲和树种之一。在当前苹果主栽品种中,‘嘎啦’具有早熟、丰产、稳产、多抗的优良性状,是苹果育种的重要种质资源之一。花药单倍体育种也是苹果新品种培育的重要手段。本研究通过‘嘎啦’苹果花药培养诱导胚状体并获得纯合再生植株,为创制新的纯合体种质资源,加速苹果新品种培育进程提供材料。【方法】采集‘嘎啦’苹果单核靠边期到双核早期的花药(未开放的花蕾),低温处理后进行离体培养,经胚状体诱导,分化培养形成再生苗,再经生根培养获得花药再生植株。之后利用FACS流式细胞仪对再生植株进行倍性分析。取再生植株叶片分离DNA,选用80个来源于苹果HIDRAS数据库的SSR标记对所有植株进行PCR扩增,经过凝胶电泳和荧光毛细管电泳鉴定再生植株纯合基因型。移栽成活后,对每个再生株系进行形态学特征观察及统计分析。【结果】过去3年中,共接种的74 200个‘嘎啦’花药,从未被污染的5万多个花药中成功诱导形成386个胚状体(胚状体诱导率0.7%),经分化培养获得64株再生苗(植株再生率16.6%),最终经生根培养、移栽获得30个成活再生株系。其中包括28个二倍体株系,1个单倍体株系和1个四倍体株系。SSR标记用于纯合性鉴定,PAGE结果表明再生株系均为花粉(小孢子)单倍体细胞来源。为了鉴定这些再生植株基因型,从80个SSR中筛选出17个SSR标记(其余SSR标记不具有多态性或带型杂乱)对所获得的30个再生株系进行基因型鉴定。17个SSR标记所对应的PCR扩增物能有效区分鉴定不同再生植株基因型。继代培养60 d后的形态学观察显示不同再生株系的株高、叶长、叶宽等特征差异明显。不同二倍体纯合植株的植物学特征也存在差异:Gala 5植株相对较高,叶基变宽,叶尖渐尖;Gala 7叶片变小、变厚,叶柄变短且基部宽大,叶色深且有很强的光泽度;Gala 18叶片较小,叶数较多。纯合二倍体再生植株长势弱于‘嘎啦’杂合供体,但强于单倍体和纯合四倍体。【结论】采用优化花药培养技术,成功获得了一批苹果纯合体再生植株种质并建立了SSR标记鉴定体系。这些新的种质很大程度丰富了苹果育种亲本种质资源,为挖掘‘嘎啦’苹果优良性状基因提供了重要材料,为后期的田间性状筛选,杂交育种奠定了基础。     

A three‐dimensional cell culture system as an in vitro canine mammary carcinoma model for the expression of connective tissue modulators

In this study, derived complex carcinoma (CC) and simple carcinoma (SC) cell lines were established and cultured under two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) conditions. The 3D was performed in six‐well AlgiMatrix? (LifeTechnologies®, Carlsbad, CA, USA) scaffolds, resulting in spheroids sized 50–125 µm for CC and 175–200 µm for SC. Cell viability was demonstrated up to 14 days for both models. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in CC and SC in both systems. However, higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in SC 2D and 3D systems when compared with CC (P < 0.005). The connective tissue modulators, metalloproteinases‐1, ‐2, ‐9 and ‐13 (MMPs), relaxin receptors 1 and 2 (RXR1 and RXR2) and E‐cadherin (CDH1) were quantitated. All were upregulated similarly when canine mammary tumour (CMT)‐derived cell lines were cultured under 3D AlgiMatrix, except CDH1 that was downregulated (P < 0.005). These results are promising towards the used of 3D system to increase a high throughput in vitro canine tumour model.     

Genetic Variation Analysis of S Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Isolated in Shanxi Provine

In order to investigate the variation in S gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the 4 strains of PEDV S gene nucleotide sequences were obtained, through RT-PCR amplification of tissue samples from Shanxi province. The obtained sequences and the deduced amino acid were analyzed and compared with the other published PEDV strains. Sequence analysis showed that compared with CV777 vaccine, there were 12 nucleotides insertions between 170 to 171 bp, 3 nucleotides insertions between 401 to 402 and 454 to 455 bp, 6 nucleotides deletion between 461 to 468 bp. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies were 99.2% to 99.8% and 98.6% to 99.7% respectively among 4 strains of PEDV S gene; Comparing with the strains isolated from China in 2011 to 2015, CV777 vaccine, attenuated DR13 and CV777, the nucleotide homologies were 95.0% to 98.5%,93.2% to 93.6%,92.1% to 92.9%,93.7% to 94.4%,respectively.The amino acid homology were 96.2% to 98.9%,91.9% to 92.9%,91.9% to 92.6%,92.9% to 94.0%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 4 strains of PEDV S gene belonged to the first group and had high correlative genetic relationship with the PEDV strains which isolated after 2010 in China, and had far correlative genetic relationship with the PEDV strains which isolated before 2010 in China, 2 strains of Japanese, 7 strains of South Korea, 2 vaccine strains. The results suggested that the prevalence of PEDV in Shanxi province had a more obvious variation. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new vaccine to control the outbreak of PEDV.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒山西分离株S基因遗传变异分析

为分析山西地区猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）的遗传变异情况,试验利用RT-PCR方法对2014-2015年山西省疑似猪流行性腹泻的阳性病料进行克隆和测序,获得4个S基因片段,并对其基因序列和推导的氨基酸序列与国内外毒株进行比对分析。序列分析结果显示,4株PEDV山西分离株的S基因与CV777 vaccine相比,在170~171 bp之间插入12个核苷酸,在401~402、454~455 bp之间均插入3个核苷酸,在461~468 bp之间缺失6个核苷酸。4株PEDV山西分离株S基因之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.2%~99.8%和98.6%~99.7%,与2011-2015年中国流行毒株、CV777 vaccine、attenuated DR13、CV777的核苷酸同源性分别95.0%~98.5%、93.2%~93.6%、93.2%~93.7%、93.7%~94.4%,氨基酸同源性分别为96.2%~98.9%、91.9%~92.6%、92.1%~92.9%、92.9%~94.0%。遗传进化树分析结果表明,PEDV S基因分为3个群,4株PEDV山西分离株属于第一群,与2010年以后国内流行毒株（除AH-M、SQ2014）的亲缘关系较近,与2010年以前中国流行毒株、2个日本株、7个韩国株、2个疫苗株的亲缘关系较远。研究结果提示山西省流行的PEDV发生较明显的变异,需研发新的疫苗来控制PEDV的暴发。     

猪DNM2基因克隆、序列分析与组织表达谱研究

本研究旨在对猪发动蛋白2（dynamin-2,DNM2）基因进行克隆和生物信息学分析,并探讨DNM2基因在猪不同组织中的表达情况。利用RT-PCR结合RACE方法克隆猪DNM2基因cDNA部分序列,与猪表达序列标签进行拼接,获得猪DNM2基因cDNA全长,并对其进行生物信息学分析,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR检测DNM2基因在猪不同组织中的表达情况。结果表明,猪DNM2基因的开放阅读框（open reading fram,ORF）为2 616 bp,共编码871个氨基酸。DNM2相对分子质量为98 071.30,等电点（pI）为7.04;无信号肽和跨膜结构域,即该蛋白不属于分泌蛋白;DNM2蛋白的二级结构预测发现,构成α-螺旋、β转角、无规则卷曲、延展链的氨基酸数量分别为361、53、335和122个。多重分析结果显示,猪DNM2基因与牛、人、小鼠、大鼠的序列同源性分别为92.6%、91.8%、88.6%和89.3%;进化树分析表明,DNM2基因在物种间具有较高的保守性,不同物种间DNM2基因序列的差异符合物种间的进化性。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,DNM2基因在脾脏中表达量较高,在乳腺、腿肌、输卵管、卵巢和子宫中表达量均较低。本研究结果为今后深入研究DNM2基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Nutritional strategies to cope with reduced litter weight gain and total tract digestibility in lactating sows

Twelve lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) (14% vs. 12%) and increasing neutral detergent fibre (NDF) levels (18% vs. 22%) on litter performance, total tract apparent digestibility and manure composition in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement during a 36‐day lactation period. Diets were isoenergetic (2.9 Mcal ME/kg) and had similar total lysine content (0.9%). In addition, a second aim was to compare a reference external marker method (Cr₂O₃) with an internal feed marker [acid‐insoluble ash (AIA)] for the calculation of apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows. The reduction of dietary CP level in lactating sows had no effect on either live‐weight or backfat thickness or apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. However, the piglets' average daily gain (ADG) was reduced in low dietary CP diets, which suggests that sows reduced milk production due to an underestimation of certain essential amino acid requirements (e.g. valine). The increase of dietary NDF level did not affect sow and litter performance. Nevertheless, the total tract apparent digestibility of organic matter, CP and carbohydrates was reduced, and ether extract digestion was increased in high NDF compared to normal NDF diets equally balanced for ME and lysine content. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients in lactating sows were greater when using AIA compared to Cr₂O₃ marker, regardless of dietary CP or NDF level, but their coefficients of variation were lower in the former than in the latter. In lactating sows, a trade‐off between litter performance and nutrient digestion is established when reducing dietary CP or increasing NDF levels while maintaining similar lysine content through synthetic amino acids and balancing metabolizable energy through dietary fat sources.     

Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

A juvenile male mixed breed dog was presented for lethargy, exercise intolerance, and aggression when touched on the head. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed and persisted during oxygen supplementation. Arterial blood gas analysis by co‐oximetry identified an increased methemoglobin concentration (27%; normal, <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. The methemoglobinemia and associated clinical signs resolved after administration of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) IV, and the dog was discharged. The affected dog's whole‐genome sequence contained 2 potentially causal heterozygous CYB5R3 missense mutations suggesting that cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency was responsible for the methemoglobinemia. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzyme analysis that identified cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the affected dog's erythrocytes to only approximately 6% of that in a control sample. Clinical signs recurred 11 days after discharge but normalized and the methemoglobin concentration decreased with methylene blue administration PO (1.5 mg/kg, initially daily and then every other day).     

Genetic diversity of pine‐parasitic nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in China

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA have been routinely employed for identification and phylogenetic analysis of many nematode species. In this study, the intra‐ and interspecies ITS genetic diversity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was evaluated. Ninety‐one isolates of the two nematode species collected from 14 Chinese provinces, Japan and Korea were used for ITS‐PCR and sequencing. An unweighted pair group cluster analysis dendrogram clustered them as two B. mucronatus and one B. xylophilus independent clades. Principal component analysis showed the phylogenetic relationship of the two nematode species more clearly; B. mucronatus isolates were separated into more than four groups, whereas B. xylophilus isolates still clustered into a group. The results of the Mantel test indicated the correlation of genetic distance matrices and geographic distance matrices was significant for both nematode species. The genetic differentiation coefficient (G_st) and gene flow (N_m) of B. mucronatus were 0.341 and 1.091, respectively, suggesting the importance of landscape heterogeneity and considerable obstacles for genetic exchange among B. mucronatus isolates in China. However, G_st and N_m of B. xylophilus were 0.188 and 2.151, respectively, very different compared to B. mucronatus. This could be owing to the short‐term introduction of B. xylophilus into China and a rapid spread through anthropogenic pathways. Our work adds to the understanding of the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the two pine‐parasitic nematode species, and will aid in controlling them in the future.